8.30.2011

Chapter 4: Liquids and Solids: ammonia and refrigerants.

Question 1
a) Ammonia is a colorless gas with a very pungent smell. It turns damp red litmus blue which indicates it's basic nature. It is lighter than air. It is easily liquefied by cooling or by compressing, as it is easy to transport in tanks and cylinders. It has a high critical temperature. Because Ammonia can be liquefied easily and it has a high heat of vaporization, one of its uses is as refrigerant.
Refrigerants are the materials used for cooling. the method of refrigeration is achieved by lowering the temperature of ammonia below that of its surroundings. The usual method is by vapor compression. Many condensable vapors are used as refrigerants e.g. chlorofluorocarbons (freons), ammonia and carbon-di-oxide but ammonia is the only one which does not cause depletion of ozone.

Facts about Ammonia:
Boiling point: -33.5 degree centigrade.
Melting point: -77.7 degree centigrade.

Roults Law ...

by F. M.Roult (1887)
The relative lowering of vapor pressure of a solvent which is caused by the addition of a non-volatile solute is equal to the mole fraction of the solute in the solution.
This causes elevation of boiling point, depression of freezing point.
This law is strictly applicable to ideal solutions because it assumes that there is no chemical interaction between the solute and the solvent molecules.


Ideal Solution:
  1. A solution in which thermodynamic activity of each component is proportional to its mole fraction (Roults law)
  2. Zero heat of mixing.
  3. Zero volume change.
  4. Ideal entropy of mixing.
Note: Only isotropic elements form ideal solutions although many mixtures shoe behavior close to ideality

8.27.2011

How to tackle "Great Expectations":


The Movie:

Well there are two movies. The black and white edition which is a must watch before you start reading the novel. You will get a general idea what you are going to have to tackle soon enough. But don’t see the movie so much  that you start learning it’s dialogues rather than those from the book because there are some changes especially the end is different.
There is another colored edition. PG rated this movie is helpful in visualizing the characters of Miss Havisham, Joe and the convict. There are many changes in the movie. The biggest of course is the name of Pip, his being an artist (he is no artist according to the novel) and the era of the movie. It is on the other hand colored, has the same ending as the novel and the Satis house is much better.

Reading:
The novel should be read at least three times. If you can read Harry Potter or Twilight again and again, watch “Fast and Furious” over and over again then why not give “Great Expectations” a try? Go get yourself a full non-abridged edition and read it all thoroughly before you college starts or even during it. Many of the teachers don’t start novel till later so it is better that you know the novel beforehand. Also read it along with the teacher but now use your textbook to avoid the lengthy original text.
The non-abridged novel may see tiresome but keep underlining the difficult words on the way and keep reading even if it is two pages. Try to do a chapter a day. Also keep the previous chapter in mind before proceeding to the next. Start highlighting or underlining the names of the characters, the addresses, the places and the dates as you read.
Also by the end of the novel ask yourself which month is Pip’s birthday? It is there in the novel and if you have read it correctly you would know.  In your Prep holidays go through the novel once again. Read it before you go to sleep every night. If you have read it three times before your English paper, you needn’t bother with the chapter summaries, the question and answers and even the character sketches.

The Character Sketches:
Here is some good advice, if you have a choice then don’t attempt a character sketch. They want it real long and there is not much time about. So don’t do it.
But that does not mean that you stay unprepared if there is no choice. Read the character sketches from the guides. Count and memorize the headings. And be sure what to write under the headings. That’s all! If you have read the novel thrice, you will know exactly how to describe the characters’. Take the words from the novel, bring the images from the movies and the text which is abridged in the text book contains all hidden and good information about the characters.

The Question and Answers:
I have already shared some sample question and answers with you. Guides also have some ideas about them. There are some scenes which particularly catch the examiners eye like the first meeting with the convict, the first visit to the Satis house, the first meeting with the pale boy etcetera etcetera.

The Objectives:
I hardly believe that after reading the novel thrice you will have any problem solving the multiple choice questions but you never know Peshawar board. The highlighted or underlined parts of the novel are really good for objectives. Read them, write them and read them again. They don’t give very difficult objectives from the novel usually but  it is better to have read the novel.

8.26.2011

Great Expectations Questions...

There are no good questions in the text book so students usually have no idea what to make of the novel. After reading the novel you will probably consider these questions a joke but remember how you have to make even these simple question answers attractive and informative for the Examiner. So here are a few questions to let you catch a glimpse of the novel questions in the paper.
  1. Describe in your own words Pip's first encounter with the convict?
  2. What do you know about Pip's childhood?
  3. Who was the benefactor of Pip?
  4. How did Pip come to know about him and what were his feelings at the occasion?
  5. What do you learn about Estella's character?
  6. Write a brief character sketch of Biddy and Joe?
  7. Why did Pip think that Miss Havisham was his benefactress?
  8. Describe in your own words the pursuit of the convict?
  9. Describe Pip's first visit to the Satis house?
  10. How does Pip report his visit to Miss Havisham's house?
  11. What were Pip's great Expectations and how did he make them true?
  12. What is the secret behind Miss Havisham's secluded life?
  13. Discuss the theme of miserable childhood in the novel.( Pip, Joe and biddy)
  14. Do you think the ending of the novel is satisfactory?
  15. Who is the pale young gentleman in the novel and how did he help Pip in London?
  16. Who is Estella's father? Does she know about him?
  17. What do you know about the early life of Pip?
  18. Discuss the charecter: Mr. Jaggers.

Quotes for Second Year English.


  • Fear of dearth:

"He who seeks rest finds boredom; he who seeked work finds rest."



  • Poetry:
  • Break, Break, Break:

"The force of friendship is at once more wonderful and terrible than death, than human emotions and than the forces of nature." J.K.Rowling
"Let sorrowful longing dwell in the heart.
Never give up, never lose hope.
Allah says,'The broken ones are my beloved'
Crush your heart. Be broken." Shaikh Abu Saeed Abil Khair



  • The Blades of Grass:

"Greatness is always built on this foundation: the ability to appear, speak and act, as the most common man." Sham-ud-din Mohammad Hafiz



  • Hope:

"Hopeless hope hopes on and meets no end,
Wastes without springs and homes without a friend."
"All human wisdom was contained in these words. wait and hope!" The Count of Monte Cristo
"When it is dark enough, you can see the stars." Persian Proverb



  • A Tuft of Flowers:

"This harsh and splendid land
With snow-covered rock mountains, cold crystal streams,
Deep forests of Cyprus, juniper and ash.
Is as much my body as you see before you here.
I cannot be separated from this or from you
Our many hearts have many a single beat." From the Warrior song of King Gezar



  • September, The First Day of School:

"Every parting gives a foretaste of death, every coming together again a foretaste of resurrection."
"There is nothing on Earth intended for innocent people as horrible as School." George Bernard Shaw



  • If:

"Life is generous to those who pursue their destiny."



  • When you are old:

"An aged man is but a paltry thing,
A tattered coat upon a stick, unless
Soul claps its hands and sings." W.B.Yeats



  • I Dream a World:

"Greed and envy together gnaw at men, drain the luster from their eye and the charity from their heart."
"...All human wisdom was contained in these two words: wait and hope!" The Count of Monte Cristo
"Little deeds of kindeness,
Little words of love,
Make this Earth an eden
Like the heaven above." Julia A. Carney, Little Things.

8.25.2011

Essay Topics For Second Year English.

Essays which have appeared in Peshawar Board:

  1. Terrorism.
  2. Begging.
  3. Science in the service of mankind.
  4. Over-population.
  5. The importance of the English language.
  6. My ambition in life.
  7. Advantages of Sports.
  8. Responsibilities of Youth.
  9. Muslim World.
  10. A visit to a historical place.
  11. How to make Pakistan strong.
  12. Technical Education.
  13. Democracy.
  14. Travelling.
Some other Important Essay Topics:
  1. Unemployment.
  2. Women's place in our society.
  3. Women's place in Islam.
  4. Female education in Peshawar.
  5. Co-education.
  6. Our Education System.
  7. Our Examination System.
  8. Knowledge is power.
  9. Patriotism.
  10. The problem of electricity in Pakistan.
  11. Student's role in the creation of environment.
  12. computer's.
  13. Internet- advantages and disadvantages.
  14. The pleasures of reading.
  15. The Recent Flood in Pakistan.
  16. Our political system.
  17. The evils of corruption.
  18. My favorite personality.
  19. college Life.
  20. Hostel Life.
  21. Generation Gap.
  22. Happiest moment of my life.
  23. Cell phone- advantages and disadvantages.
  24. Poverty.
  25. Pollution.

8.24.2011

Quotes for poems from first year textbooks (class/ grade 11)


  • The Schoolboy:


"All the live murmur of a summer's day" Matthew Arnold, Songs of innocence,1789

"What sweet and jocund" Shakespeare

“Show me a man who has enjoyed his school days and I’ll show you a bully and a bore”Robert Morley


“Formal approach to study often seems forbidding and difficult. Children resent having to study, claiming that a disciplined reading destroys and damages the pleasure of it.” Dr. Mujib-ur-Rehman

“There is nothing in Earth intended for innocent people so horrible as School” George Bernard Shaw



  • What's life?

"Hope springs eternal in the human breast"

"The two things most human beings would choose above all- as much money and life as possible."

"Poets and philosophers have often dreamt of a happy land where there would be everlasting peace and plenty."

"Time is but the shadow of the world upon the background of eternity." Jerome K. Jerome

"When you try to grasp happiness it bursts." Shakespeare

"To the well organized mind is death but the next great adventure."

"Hopeless hope hopes on and meets no end,
wastes without springs and homes without a friend." John Clare Clare

"War is antithesis of peace, day the antithesis of night, and good the antithesis of evil."


  • A Psalm of Life:

"For the mental and spiritual growth of man, friction is necessary."

"We must not run away from our destiny."

"Time drops in decay,
Like a candle burnt out." W.B.Yeats

"O you who believe! when you meet force, take a firm stand against them and remember the name of Allah much, so that you may be successful" (10:45) Al-Anfal sorah 8

"It does not do to dwell on the dreams and forget to live."

"When you want something all the world conspires in helping you to achieve it"

"The world is a place of brightness, of free expression and of irresistible action"

“Luck says an American writer, is ever waiting for something to turn up: Labour with keen eye and strong will always turns up something” 

"Life is action not contemplation" Goethe

"Better wear out than rust out."

“If we are to make any real, speedy and substantial progress then we have to build our character which means highest sense of honour, selfless service to the nation and sense of responsibility in a manner which will do honor to our nation.” 

"The heights by great men reached and kept
Were not attained by sudden flight,
But they, while their companions slept,
Were tolling up in the night." William Wordsworth Longfellow

"let us have faith that right makes might, and in that faith let us to the end, dare to do our duty as we understand it." Abraham Lincoln

"Beauty lies in the eye of the beholder."

"If death is the end of life, why should all life labor be?" The lotus eaters


  • Growing Old:

"The bright day is done, and we are for the night" Shakespeare

"for they say an old man is twice a child" Shakespeare

"Youth can not know how age thinks and feels."

“Where youth grows pale and spectre-thin,and dies;” John Keats, Ode to Nightingale

"When you are old and gray and full of sleep,
and nodding by the fire, take down this book,
And slowly dream, and read pf the soft look
Your eyes had once, and of their shadows deep." W.B.Yeats

"Old age brings along with its ugliness the comfort that you will soon be out of it- which ought to be substantial relief to such discontented pendulums as we are." Emerson


“Heaven lies about us in our infancy!
Shades of the prison house begin to close
Upon the growing boy.” William Wordsworth, Intimations of immortality


  • One way of love:

"Love is a force that is at one more wonderful and more terrible than death, than human intelligence, than forces of nature- the most mysterious."


  • Opportunity:

"Some people are born great, some people achieve greatness and some have greatness thrust upon them."

"If you think you are beaten you are,
If you think dare not, you don't
If you like to win but think you cant,
It's almost a cinch you wont."

"the world's greatest lie is this that at a certain point in our lives, we lose control of what is happening to us, and our lives become controlled by fate."


  • The road not Taken:

"The road does not advice a  man" African proverb

"And the little moments,
Humble though they be,
make the mighty ages,
Of eternity" Julia A. Carney (Little things)

"and i being poor have only my dreams;
I have spread my dreams under your feet;
Tread softly because you tread on my dreams"

"Every one should observe which way his heart draws him, and then choose the way with all his strength."

“The road with the ribbon of moonlight,
 over the purple moor”

""it is life as it is in ways, the shortest way is commonly the foulest, and surely the fair way is not much about."


"Some aspirations always remain unfulfilled."

""there lies wisdom in listening to our hearts, learning to read omens strewn along life's path above all following our dreams. Learn to recognize omens and follow them."

"human's are blessed with the ability to make choices and choices determine fate. Water is destined to flow from top to bottom. Birds, animals and many other creatures wake up early in the morning. Following the instincts they return home before the sunset. human's are empowered by the God to say 'no'. he lets them choose their own destiny."


  • Rubaiyat of Umar Khayyam:

“Carrying out the master work is not the work of the few, but of every human being on the face of Earth. And that while the master work will not reveal itself to us, everyone, beyond any shadow of doubt, can enter into the soul of the world. The soul of the world is nourished by people’s happiness. And also by unhappiness, envy and jealousy.  All things are one.” 

“The desires of the heart are as crooked as corkscrews” w.h. Auden

"the signs of God are the truths which our rational mind refuses to accept because of their simplicity."


“Success is a journey not a destination”

"With him are the keys of the unseen, the treasures that knoweth but he." (6:59)


“All cheerless, dark and deadly” Shakespeare

"ignorance of future ills is a more useful thing than knowledge." Cicero


"Awake! Arise! The hour is late!
Angels are knocking at the door!
They are in haste and cannot wait;
And once departed come no more." Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

What then?

"the inhuman dearth of noble natures" John Keats

"Achievement is largely the product of steadily raising one's levels of one's aspirations and expectations." Jack Nicklaus

"fair in the eyes of men is the love of things they covet: women and sons; heaped up hoards of gold and silver; horses branded; and a cattle and well-tilled land. Such are the possessions of this worldly life; but in nearness to God is the best of the goals." (3:14)


  • Those two boys:

"The hand of God is firm but infinitely generous"

"And in the world as in the school,
You know how fate may turn and shift;
The prize be sometimes to the fool,
The race not always to the swift." William Makepiece Thackeray, Sportsmanship

"We build our future, thought by thought,
For good or evil, yet know it not.
Yet so the universe was wrought.
Thought is another name for fate.
Chose then thy destiny and wait,
For love brings love and hate brings hate." Henry Van Dyke, Thoughts are things

8.23.2011

Quotes for One Act Plays (class 11)




  1. The Dear Departed:
“What we call mourning for our dead is perhaps not so much grief at not being able to call them back as it is grief at not being able to want to do so.”

“Parents are the last people on Earth who ought to have children.” S. Butler

“Two devils lived in Mrs. Slater: greed and envy. Together they gnawed at her, draining the luster from her eye and charity from her heart.”

“A family divided against itself will perish together.”

“It is best not to swap horses in midstream.”

“There is nothing to be feared from a dead body anymore than there is anything to be feared from the darkness. It is the unknown we fear when we look upon death and darkness, nothing more.”

“Birds in their little nests agree
And ‘tis a shameful sight,
When children of one family
Fall out and chide and fight.”

“Chips never fly too far from the block.” Jamaican Proverb


  1. Damon and Pythias:

“Think where man’s glory most begins and ends,
And say my glory was I had such friends.” W. B. Yeats

“Always do right. This will gratify some people and astonish the rest.” Mark Twain

“O! It is excellent
To have giant strength! But it is tyrannous
To use it like a giant.”

“One day among the many victims, there is sure to be one who rises against the evil and strikes back.”

“There is a soul of goodness in thing evil.”

“The best of us sometimes eat our words.”

“We only accept a truth after we have first wholeheartedly rejected it.”

Quotes for Short Stories (Class 11/ first year )


“An aged man is but a paltry thing
A tattered coat upon a stick, unless
Soul clap its hands and sing.” (W.B.Yeats)

“Skepticism is the highest of duties, blind faith the one unpardonable sin.” (Thomas Huxley)

“Hatred comes from the heart; Contempt from the head and neither feeling is quite within our control.” (Schopeauer)

“…All human wisdom was contained in these words: wait and hope!”(The count of Monte Cristo)

“Innate ideas are ideas or functions originating in the mind apart from sense experience. Plato believed that people developed understanding in a previous life but were born into their present life in a condition resembling forgetfulness. According to this theory, all learning is remembering what one once knew explicitly and still somehow knows despite having forgotten it. All people have certain ‘common notions’ that are the roots of science and morality prior to any sense experience. Ideas such as God, the soul are innate, having been planted by God. Non-sensory source of knowledge is divine illumination. Space and time the category of understanding and the pure ideas of the God, the soul and the world, are all derived from the structure of the knower prior to sensation. Morality is not rooted so much in experience as in common forms possessed by everyone anterior to any experience.”

"This beautiful system of the sun, planets and comets could only proceed from the counsel and dominion of an intelligent and powerful being...He is eternal and infinite, omnipotent and omniscient; that is his duration reaches from eternity to eternity; his presence from infinity to infinity; he governs all things and knows all things that are or can be done. We know him only by his most excellent contrivances of things and final causes; we admire him for his perfection; but we reverse and adore him on account of his dominion: for we adore him as his servants; a god without dominion, providence and final causes, is nothing else but fate and nature. Blind metaphysical necessity which is certainly the same always and everywhere, could produce no variety of things.  All that diversity of things that we find suited to different times and places could arise from nothing but the ideas and will of a being necessarily existing" Isaac Newton

“Life is generous to those who pursue their destiny.” (His first flight)

“Each and every one should make a beginning in life.” (His first flight)

“A journey of thousand miles starts from a single step.”(His first flight)

“False face must hide what the false heart doth know.” (Overcoat)

“Never be ashamed of who you are” (Overcoat)

“A full stomach means good spirits; an empty one gloom.” (Lingkuan Gorge)

“In spite of great emphasize on a life of action by great men both individuals and nations sometimes forget the ideal of constant action.” (Lingkuan Gorge)

“one should be dedicated to his job” (Lingkuan Gorge)

Floyd Dell: “He believed that the everyday life of the working and middleclass provide subject worthy of serious literature treatment. He valued authenticity and accuracy of detail.”

“Old people are like old trees, uproot them and transplant them to other scenes, they droop and die, no matter how bright the sunshine, or how balmy the breezes.” (The Blanket)

“Wit beyond measure is man’s greatest treasure” (The  Blanket)

“There is sacredness in tears. They are not the mark of weakness, but of power” Washington Irving (The Blanket)

“As you sow so shall you reap.”(The Blanket)

“Every parting gives a foretaste of death, every coming together again a foretaste of resurrection.”(The Blanket)

“So our little tears, lead the soul away,
From the paths of virtue, into sin to stray.”Julia A. Carney, Little Things (The Blanket)

“This world is a comedy to those who think, a tragedy to those who feel.”(The stuffed trout)

“It is the irradiating spark of humor that enlivens his common place subject.” (The stuffed trout)

He ridicules “Follies and nonsense, whims and inconsistencies” (The Stuffed Trout)

“Animals are such agreeable friends- they ask no questions, they pass no criticism” George Elliot (A Snapshot of a Dog)

“It is not the least hard thing to bear when these quit friends go away from us but they carry away with them so many years of our own lives.” (A Snapshot of a Dog)

“The great pleasure of a dog is that you may make a fool of yourself with him and not only will he not scold you, he will make a fool of himself too.” (A Snapshot of a Dog)

“Let dog delight to bark and bight,
For God had made them so;
Let bears and lions growl and fight,
For ‘tis their nature too.” (A Snapshot of a Dog)

James Thurber: “His humorous prose is never gay because enthusiasm is dampened by melancholy. His fantastic animals are distorted by malignant fates.”

“Humor is a kind of emotional chaos talked about calmly and quietly in retrospective.” James Thurber

“Children are given good principles but are left to follow them in pride. They are spoiled by their parents, allowed, encouraged, almost taught to be selfish, to care for none beyond their circle, to think meanly of the poor- of their worth compared to their own. In principles they are taught what is right but not in practice.” (The Doll’s House)

“Conscience is the heart of talent” Ambrose Bierce

Anton Chekov: “The grand master of short story. He is known for his realistic blend of comedy and tragedy, for its moral tone, emotional depth of ordinary life. His stories are short, simple yet powerful.”

“Little deeds of kindness,
Little words of love,
Make our Earth an Eden,
Like the heaven above.”(The Beggar)

“So our little errors,
Lead the soul away,
From the paths of virtue,
Into sin to stray.” (The Beggar)

“We should move in a realm of light, of natural wisdom, of happy impulse and of inspiration gracefully chronic” (The Beggar)

The Shoes: “The vivid and realistic portrait of life on the Italian Island of Sardinia explores the questions on temptation and sin.”

“Hard work and pain are the best teachers.” (The Shoes)

“the consequences of our actions are always so complicated, so diverse that predicting the future is a very difficult business.” (The Shoes)

“The Shoe’s is evocative of the hard life and emotional conflicts of the people”

He dreams of a future as Ambrose Bierce says: “A period of time where are affairs prosper, our friends are true and our happiness is assured.”

“Prefer loss to the gain of dishonest wealth; the former vexes you for a time; the later will bring you lasting remorse.” Chilo

“All great true things begin ass blasphemies” George Bernard Shaw.(Moxon’s Master)

“Thought is merely sub-vocal speech- overt speech grown very small” (Moxon’s Master)

“Mind does not have the capacity to judge or evaluate, it is your conscious choice.” (Moxon’s Master)

“Animals were once viewed as beings of instinct only, with no powers of volition ( use of one’s will) but today science proves that they act on their volition quite well.” (Moxon’s Master)

“Instinct is inherited unlearned behavior that is typical to every specie.” (Moxon’s Master)

“let us then be up and going,
With a heart for any fate;
Still achieving, still pursuing,
Learn to labor and to wait.” (The Necklace)

“She was incandescent and luminous, radiant with happiness, she’d drawn every eye. Formal, serene and dignified, she projected a charming exuberance. She couldn’t stand still but sway with the music. There is no creature on earth as beautiful as a happy woman.” (The Necklace)

“A few years ago she was surrounded by silks and satins, flashing earrings and stickpins and sipping Champagne in a ballroom blazed with mirrors and lights. In a room where graceful couples circled the waltz, ladies skirts swirling, diamonds flashing beneath the chandeliers and know she was down on her knees, bent over a washboard scrubbing. What a strange world it is.” (The Necklace)

“If every day in the life of a school could be the last day but one, there would be little fault to find with it.” Stephen Leacock (The Last Lesson)

For French this hour was of extreme danger of extinct, splendid hope of prison break, when every virtue of their race was tested and all that they had or were was freely staked. They were forced to placidly lie down in submission before the Germans. In times like these, nations can preserve their freedom by upholding the entrusted cause of their mother language.” (The Last Lesson)

“The new and sacred bonds developed due to the common loss are very strong. The long dark days of trial can be endured by unity, flexibility and unwariness. The enemies malice can be outwitted, outfighted, outlasted and out maneuvered by the key to their prison.” (The last Lesson)