Study of continuous variations in the height in man and continuous and discontinuous variations in tongue rolling in man and recording the results in histograms.

Biology Practical Readings, second year: Frequency table of human height.

Biology Practical Readings, second year:Histogram of human height.

Biology Practical Readings, second year:Histogram of tongue rolling in man.

Study of pond ecosystem.

Study of pond ecosystem: littoral zone, limnetic zone and profundal zone.

Study of developement of chick embryo: 48 and 72 hour embryo after incubation.

The 48 hour chick embryo: mesencephalon, rhombenecephalon, fifth cranial nerve, notochord, anterior cardial vein, roots of 7th and 8th cranical nerves, let anterior vitelline membrane,truncus arteriosus, neural tube, omphalomesenteric artery, aorta, diencephalon, infundibulum, preoral gut, rathkes pouch, oral plate, pharynx, right anterior vitelline memebrane, ventricle, right omphalomesentric vein, posterior cardinal vein, mesonephric duct.

The 72 hour chick embryo: tail. posterior appendage bud, anterior appendage bud, atrium, anterior cardinal vien, truncus arteriosus, aortic arch IV, visceral cleft II, ganglion IX, auditory vesicle, hyoid arch, hyomandibular cleft, mandibular arch, metencephalon, ganglion V, lens of eye, sensory layer, pigmented layer, epiphysis, diencephalon, olfactory pit, telencephalon, ventricle, vitelline vein, vitelline artery.

Transverse sections of pancrease and thyroid gland under low and high power microscopes.

Transverse section of pancrease under low power of microscope: pancreatic ductile, pancreatic acini, blodd vessels, islets of langerhans, connective tissue stroms.

transverse section of pancreas under high power of microscope: pancreatic acini, lumen of acini, islets of langerhans, alpha cells, pancreatic ductile, beta cells, undifferentiated cells, blood vessels.

transverse section of thyroid gland under high power of microscope: inter folucular connective tissue cell, cuboidal cells of epithelium, colloid, nerve fibers and blood vessels.

Study of skeltal, smooth and cardiac musles from prepared slides.

Skeletal muscle of frog: unit of contraction, muscle fiber, nucleus. Cardiac muscles of heart: muscle fiber, nucleus, junction between two cells. Smooth muscles: muscle fiber and nucleus.

Study of "reproductive system of female frog"

Female reproductive system of frog: oviduct funnel, oviduct, fat body, ovary, kidney, oviduct, rectum, cloaca, ureter and urinary bladder.

Study of the pectoral girdle and iliac crest of frog.

pectoral (shoulder) girdle of frog: episternum, omosternum, suprascapula, sternum, acromian process, clavicle, scapula, glenoid cavity, riht coracoid, left coracoid, metasternum, xiphisternum.

pelvic (hip) girdle of frog: iliac crest, pubis, ilium, acaetabulum and ischium.

Study of the skull of frog.

Dorsal View of the skull of frog: premaxilla,, maxilla, nasal, sphenethmoid, fronto-parietal, squamosal, pterygoid, quadrato-jugal, prootic, exoccipital, foraman magnum, quadrate cartilage.

skull of frog, ventral view: premaxilla, vomer, maxilla, palatine, parasphenoid, fronto-parietal, ptyerigoid, quadrato-jugal, columella auris, exoccipital and quadrate cartilage.

How to draw a skeleton quickly...

How to draw a skeleton quickly in an Exam?

We all know that the more elaborate our answers in the paper, the more marks we will get. In Biology paper the elaboration can of course be gotten through drawing diagrams and labeling them correctly. But due to the shortage of time, mostly students skip drawing diagrams and loose an important opportunity. So here are some tips at drawing the human skeleton which should give your Biology paper an extra boost, if you happen to have a question from the unit on Skeleton, movement and Locomotion.

1. Learn to be quick in drawing. this can only be if you do loads of practice. I drew this rough image in less than 2 minutes, including the labeling. I know it is not neat and pretty but it was fast and just a practice sketch. If you can do a rough drawing in 2 minutes, you can make a very tidy one in five (for the Exams).
2. Consider the skeleton to be a man, with a head, two legs, two arms and an abdomen. Instead of flesh however the skeleton will have bones,
3. If you know which bones are where and there rough size and shape, you can make a quick skeleton.
4. As this blog is for the students till their twelfth grades, I will say don't worry about the bony tubercles, facets and tuberosities. Just give each bone a rough sketchy feel, so that it looks professional even though it is not.
5. And finally be very specific about the labeling's, every bone has its own importance so don't mess with their names. labeling's show the Examiner how much you actually know, so be careful with them. have fun with your Biology paper !!!

Biology Terminology.

• vertebral column = back bone = spine
• wood = secondary xylem
• adrenal gland = supra renal gland
• adrenaline = epinephrine
• afferent nerve = sensory nerve
• air bladder = swim bladder
• alimentary canal = gut = digestive tract
• allelomorphic = pair of alleles
• amylase =diastase
• atrium = auricle
• atrophy = degeneration
• bisexual = hermaphrodite = monoecious
• breathing = external respiration
• caudal = tail
• cell division = cytokinesis
• cellular respiration = internal respiration
• chemo synthetic = chemo autotrophic
• chrysalis = pupa
• cleavage = division
• cork = phellogen
• endocrine gland = ductless gland
• circulatory system = vascular system
• erythrocyte = red blood corpuscle = RBC
• fructose = laevulose
• gamete = germ cell = sex cell
• haploid = monoploid
• glucose = dextrose
• glycogen = animal starch
• golgi body = golgi apparatus = dictyosome
• unicellular = acellular
• gonad = sex organ
• holophytic = photosynthetic
• imago = adult
• inner ear = membranous labyrinth
• integument = skin
• intestinal juice = succus entericus
• invertase = sucrase
• involuntary muscle = smooth muscle = unstriated muscle = unstripped muscle
• kreb's cycle = citric acid cycle
• lamella = layer
• leucocyte = white blood corpuscle = WBC
• mastication = chewing
• meiosis = reduction division
• metameric segmentation = metamerism
• nephron = uniferous tubule = kidney tubule
• ovum = egg cell
• uterus = womb
• pith = medulla
• plasma lemma = plasma membrane = cell membrane
• ptyalin = salivary amylase
• semi permeable = selectively permeable = deferentially permeable
• smell = olfaction
• symbiotc = mutualism
• taste = gustation
• tonoplast = vacuole membrane 
• unisexual = dioecious
• vegetative reproduction = propagation
• voluntary muscle = skeletal muscle = striated muscle - striped muscle
• sarcodina = rhizopoda
• cilliata = cilliophora