Red Shift and Blue Shift in the Astro-Physics made easy.

Red Shift and Blue Shift explained via the wavelength and frequency chart.

Random but important stuff from Physics for the Entry Test Preparation.

Molar Specific Heat Constant= molar specific heat at constant pressure divided by molar specific heat at constant volume.

velocity, v is always less than ^/ 2gh due to viscosity of liquid.

I=Intensity is equal tp pressure by Area, with units Watt per square meter and Joule per meter squared into second.

Every particle has its own amplitude.

The mechanism of airfoil in lifting up the air plane. 

Graph plotting of the amplitude with respect to the kinetic and potential energy.

Characteristics of waves: The formula of velocity of waves for transverse waves, where v=velocity, m=mass of string, T= tension in string and l=length of string.

Characteristics of waves: The formula of velocity of waves for longitudinal waves,  where E= elasticity (except for sound), v=velocity and p= density.

"In the musical language, over tones start from f2 ans harmonics start from f1."

"Time period greater in water than in air due to density."

"graph of amplitude verses the frequency showing the large damping, no damping and small damping."

Wavelength 1s sound is approximately 2 and a half feet.

Phase Change for waves from rarer to denser medium and vice versa.

Phase Change for all types of waves from rarer to denser medium is 180 degree.

Phase Change for all types of waves from denser to rarer medium is 0 degree.

Physics Practical Readings for First Year students.

These are the images of the sample readings. Please do not copy them, just understand the method of calculation and the way of the writing the observations in your practical note book.

Taking the readings for the first time can be challenging and confusing so these samples can help you in understanding how these are to be attempted. Hopefully you will now not have to search fro Practical Copies of your seniors, brothers or sisters. Just be sure to take your own readings according to this practical.

Readings of experiment: Measure the volume of a given solid cylinder by vernier calliper.

Readings of experiment: Determine the diameter of a given wire and calculate it's area by using screw gauge.

Readings of the experiment: find the volume of a small sphere by using screw gauge.

Drawing and Reading of experiment: determine the unknown weight of a body by vector addition of forces.

Reading of experiment: determine the unknown weight of a body by vector addition of forces.

reading of experiment: Determine the value of "g" by free fall method using electronic ticker time apparatus.

readings of physics experiment: Verify the following relations for a simple pendulum: i. time period is independent of amplitude, ii. time period is independent of mass, iii. time period id directly proportional to the square root of its length.

readings of physics experiment: Verify the following relations for a simple pendulum: i. time period is independent of amplitude, ii. time period is independent of mass, iii. time period id directly proportional to the square root of its length.

Readings of the experiment: find the acceleration due to gravity by oscillating mass spring system.

readings of the physics experiment: verify the conditions of equilibrium using a suspended meter rod.

readings of the experiment: Study the fall of a body through a viscous medium deducing coefficient of viscosity.

Reading of experiment: Find the frequency of A.C mains by Melde's experiment.

Readings of experiment: determine the wavelength of sound in air and calculate speed of sound.

Readings of experiment: Determine the wavelength of sound in air using end correction method.

readings of physics experiment: find the focal length of a convex lens by displacement method.

readings of experiment: find the focal length of a concave lens using a single type concave mirror.

Readings of experiment: find the focal length of a concave lens by using a convex lens type.

Readings of experiment: find the refractive index of a material of a prism by critical angle method.

Readings of experiment: find the refractive index of a material of a prism by critical angle method.

readings of experiment: determine the refractive index of a liquid using a concave mirror.

Readings of physics experiment: determine the wavelength of laser light by diffraction of grating.

readings of experiment: determine the coefficient of the linear thermal expansion of rod.

readings of experiment: find the mechanical equivalent of heat by the electrical type of method.

How to draw neat and tidy diagrams?

Whether in your practical copies or your Exams, the drawings and diagrams have to be labelled and neat. If you add some shadings and sketchy marks to them, the merrier.
Here are some tips and tricks to make your work look neater:

1. Never ever draw the diagrams in the middle of the page, draw them towards the left, so that there is space for labeling's.
2. The diagram should not be very close to the top or bottom, but rather in the middle. There should however be space for the main heading, which should be below the drawing, not above it.
3. Give the main heading double underlines, and the labeling's single underlines, in case you have shortage of time or space (sometimes the labeling's are too many). 
4. Make the line end of the labeling's prominent by darkening the ends of the line.
5. Always use a full stop after each labeling.
6. make the first drawing with a light pencil, so that it can be rubbed off, when wrong. Once the first correct sketch has been drawn, only then use a dark pencil.
7. Use a tissue paper or cotton bud to shade or blend the shade.
8. Make sure your hands are clean before starting the labeling. Often shading leaves the hands gray because of the lead, so clean them up before starting the labeling.

Error, uncertainty, precision and accuracy.

Question no. 6
Define the terms error, uncertainty, precision and accuracy.

ERROR:
DEFINITION:
"The difference between the measured value and the actual value of a measured physical quantity is called error."
EXPLANATION:
Error can not be less than the least count of the measuring instrument.
There are three types of errors in the measurement of physical quantities: personal, systematic and random.
There are certain kinds of errors that can not be removed.

UNCERTAINTY:
DEFINITION:
"The error arising due to the natural imperfections of the experimenter, the limitations of the apparatus and changes in the environment during the experiment is often called uncertainty."
EXPLANATION:
It is described as the error in the measurement.
There is always an uncertainty in the measurement.
It is used to express the uncertainty.

PRECISION:
DEFINITION:
"The term precision stands for magnitude of the error in the measurement."
EXPLANATION:
Precision of measurement is determined by the instrument being used.
Precise measurement is the one which has less absolute uncertainty.
The smaller the physical quantity, the more precise the instrument should be.

ACCURACY:
DEFINITION:
"Accuracy stands for the relative error. It is defined as the error divided by the quantity measured."
EXPLANATION:
It depends on the fractional and percentage uncertainty in that measurement.
Accurate measurement has less fractional or percentage uncertainty.

System of units.

Chapter #1:

Physics and Measurement:

Short Answer Questions.

1. What is a system of units? List the basic Si units.

SYSTEM OF UNITS:
DEFINITION:
"A complete set of units both basic and derived for all kind of physical quantities is called a system of units."
HISTORY:
In 1960 an international committee agreed on a set of definitions and standards to describe the physical quantities. The system that is established is called the system international. Befor 1960 many system of units were in practice such as:

1. British FPS system.
2. MKS system.
3. CGS system.

However with expansion of trade and the utilization of science and technology international system of units was adopted.

IMPORTANCE:

Due to the simplicity and convenience with which the units in this system are amendable to arithmetic manipulation, it is in universal use by the worlds scientific community and by most nations. The system of unit is made of three kinds of units:

• Base units.
• Derived units.
• Supplementary units.

BASIC SI UNITS:

there are seven base units for various physical quantities namely length mass time, temperature, electric current, luminous intensity and amount of substance (with special reference to the number of particles)

The names of the base units along with their symbols for the physical quantities are listed:
(Make table)